September 9

1776   The term "United States" was adopted by the second Continental Congress to be used instead of the "United Colonies."

1845   The arrival of the potato blight in Ireland is reported in the Dublin Evening Post.  This would, of course, be seemingly unrelated to the theme of this blog, but the Potato Blight would result in the commencement of the great Irish immigration to the United States, and to what would ultimately become a significant Irish immigrant population in Wyoming.

1850   Territories of New Mexico and Utah were created.

1876  The second day of the Battle of Slim Buttes, South Dakota, sees the first day's fighting.  The 3d Cavalry had surrounded a Sioux village undetected the night prior and charged this morning.  American Horse was mortally wounded.  Indian survivors fled to the neighboring Cheyenne and Sioux village.  In he meantime, elements of additional cavalry and infantry units arrived at the occupied village.

Sioux and Cheyenne under Crazy Horse to counter attacked but were surprised by the numbers of soldiers then in the occupied camp.  They did open fire and Crook, in command, formed defensive positions, and then sent forward skirmishers.  This was effective in driving the Sioux and Cheyenne away.  110 Indian ponies were seized in the village, along with  a supply of dried meat, a 7th Cavalry guidon from Company I, the bloody gauntlets of Capt. Myles Keogh, government-issued guns and ammunition, and other related items.

This concluded the first day's fighting.

1885  Additional U.S. troops arrive in Wyoming due to the Rock Springs Massacre. They escort Chinese workers, against their desires, back to Rock Springs.

1886   Construction commenced on the Wyoming State Capitol although the cornerstone would not be laid until the following year.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1918  Monday, September 9, 1918. The news in Casper. Old Indian Fighter back in town. . . Debs goes on trial. . . French cavalry on the move. . . State Guard assembles in town. . .Corn crop low. . . and Ruth hits a triple to give the Sox the World Series.

A lot was going on in this paper.  Battles new and old, and on the baseball diamond.

1920  Cheyenne's airport saw its first airmail flight.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1925   Sheridan area rancher, Oliver Wallop, became Earl of Portsmouth upon death of brother.  O. H. Wallop was English born and a member of the titled class.  The Wallop family was part of a significant English ranching community that was centered in the Sheridan area, but not limited to it. British ranching operations entered Wyoming as early as 1876 and continued on well into the 20th Century.  Montana likewise saw a significant community of English ranchers.  Some were family owned operations, such as this, but others were British corporate owned operations, such as the Natrona  County headquartered VR (Victoria Regina) Ranch.

Wallop had served in the Wyoming legislature and was a naturalized U.S. citizen.  In order to take his place in the House of Lords he had to renounce his U.S. citizenship.

1945  The term "computer bug" was first used by LT Grace Murray Hopper while she was on Navy active duty in 1945. It was found in the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator at Harvard University. The operators affixed the moth to the computer log, where it still resides, with the entry: "First actual case of bug being found." They "debugged" the computer, first introducing the term.

In honor of this disturbing event, I propose that this day henceforth be known in the computer age as "Grace Murray Hopper Day".

1951  FCC filings were completed for a public television station at the University of Wyoming.

September 6

1844  John C. Fremont arrives at the shores of the Great Salt Lake.

1857   John Benjamin Kendrick, Governor from 1915 to 1917, and U.S. Senator from 1917 to 1933, was born in Cherokee County, TX.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1870  Laramie's Eliza A. Swain became the first woman to legally cast of vote in the United States.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1887  The University of Wyoming opened.  It had, at the time, 42 students and 5 faculty members. Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1918.   Wyoming Labor Journal, September 6, 1918.

Another item we're running this week in observation of Labor Day, this past Monday, and of course in keeping with our recent 1918 theme, the Wyoming Labor Journal.

This is the issue of September 6, 1918 and followed the recent Labor Day observance in 1918.  While various unions that exist in Wyoming do publish trade journals today, as far as I'm aware there is no longer a general labor newspaper such as this.

Labor was in an odd position in the Great War as it was continually somewhat at odds with the administration while also supporting the war effort.  From the patriotic front page of the paper, you wouldn't necessary know that from the Journal.

Elsewhere: 

 

1936.  President Roosevelt delivered a fireside chat.

2018.  An increasingly embattled Donald Trump went to Billings, Montana to campaign for Matt Rosendale against incumbent U.S. Senator John Testor.

August 17

1869   Major John Wesley Powell's party passed Sentinel Peak overlooking the Grand Canyon.  It had left Green River on May 24. Attribution:  On This Day.

1878  Three Laramie women climb a peak in the Snowy Range and plant the flag. Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1905 

“Pathfinder Dam site; view looking up the North Platte River showing the dam site,” 8/17/1905

Series: Photograph albums, 1903 - 1972. Record Group 115: Records of the Bureau of Reclamation, 1889 - 2008.

1919  August 17, 1919. Evanston to Echo, Utah.

On this day in 1919 the Motor Transport Convoy left Wyoming and entered Utah.

The 17th was a Sunday. This is remarkable as the Convoy's command chose not to stay in Evanston, Wyoming that Sunday but simply pushed on.  No day of rest for the convoy.  That had happened only once before in their trip, and on that occasion it had pretty clearly occurred because the convoy had experienced delays due to road conditions and mechanical problems.  Here there's no evidence that had occurred.

Having said that, the convoy did get an unusually late start that day, starting at 12:30 p.m.  While the diarist doesn't note it, chances are high that the late start was in order to allow men to attend local church services before the motor march was resumed.

The convoy experienced a plethora of problems, including the Lincoln Highway now being a bad mountain road as it crossed over from Wyoming.  Carbon buildup in a cylinder was plaguing a Dodge, which is interesting in this household as the same thing recently afflicted one of our Dodge pickups.  The engine of the Class B truck that was a machine shop was shot.

Echo Utah is a little tiny town today, and must have been the same in 1919.  By stopping in Echo, they were effectively camping.

1959   The 7.1 Hebgen Lake earthquake occurred in southwestern Montana, resulting in the deaths of 28 people due to a resulting landslide.   The Old Faithful Inn was damaged by the quake and thermal features at Yellowstone were disrupted.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1996  An Air Force cargo plane carrying equipment for President Clinton crashed in the state killing eight crewmembers and a Secret Service employee.  Attribution:  On This Day.

July 29

1776  Silvestre de Escalante and Francisco Dominguez, two Spanish Franciscan priests, leave Santa Fe for a journey through the Southwest.  Their journey would take them all the way to the Great Salt Lake and ultimately they would make a round trip of 1,700 miles in 159 days, although the journey would see them eating their horses in the end.

1872  First claimed assent of the Grand Teton.   Nathaniel P. Langford and James Stevenson made the claim, but it is disputed with some feeling that they reached a side peak.

1878  Thomas Edison and Henry Draper view a total eclipse of the sun from Rawlins.

1916   The Cheyenne Daily Leader for July 29, 1916. Hope on the border?
 

The Cheyenne Leader was reporting today that there appeared to be some hope that border difficulties might be mediated through a commission.  Of course, it can't help but be noted that Carranza, who appeared to be willing to do this, had not caused the original border difficulty in the first place and Villa wouldn't be participating.

Otherwise, Frontier Days was making the news, as was the Russian offensive on the Eastern Front.

1918  So it was Monday morning, July 29, 1918

And you picked up your morning paper and learned of the news from France. . . which seemed to reflect a turning of the tide.

1946  USS Natrona decommissioned.

1977 Cantonment Reno added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Elsewhere:  

1907    Sir Robert Baden-Powell forms the Boy Scout movement.

1932  The Bonus Army disperses and heads home.

1950 Lieutenant General Walton Walker, regarding the Pusan Perimeter,  issued his "stand or die" order to Eighth Army, declaring, "there will be no Dunkirk, there will be no Bataan."

1968  July 29, 1968. Humanae Vitae

2022  Pete Williams, Casper, Wyoming native, retired from his long time role as the Justice reporter for NBC news.

Williams had a very long career which stretched back to radio in Casper, starting off at KATI.  From there he went to KTWO radio and television.  In 1986, however, his career took a much different turn when he became a press spokesman and legislative assistant to then Congressman Dick Cheney.  He followed Cheney in that role into the Defense Department when he became Secretary of Defense.  He went to work for NBC in 1993.

July 24

Today is Pioneer Day in Utah.

Today is Stirling Settlers Day in Alberta.

1832 Benjamin Bonneville leads the first wagon train to cross the Rocky Mountains at South Pass. Bonneville was an Army officer on a two year leave of absence from the Army at the time, during which time he acted as a fur trader, but during which he also spent a great deal of time exploring.

1865  Sioux go into camp near Platte Bridge Station.

1866  The Battle of Clear Creek occurred near present day Buffalo in which Indians besieged a wagon train. The wagon train was able to send word to Ft. Phil Kearny and was relieved by a part of soldiers the following day.

1884   "Stuart's Stranglers", an anti rustling vigilante group,organized at Granville Stuart's DHS ranch in Montana.

1890  Ester Hobart Morris was an honored guests at a banquet celebrating Wyoming's statehood.

1897 African-American soldiers of the 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps arrived in St. Louis, Mo., after completing a 40-day bike ride from Missoula, Montana.  Their route took them across north east Wyoming.

1915  A Cheyenne man beat a train in a Denver to Cheyenne race, of sorts. Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1925   Vice President Charles Dawes visited the movie set of The Pony Express in Cheyenne.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1928  Frontier Days started.  Apparently at this time it was the "daddy", not the "granddaddy" of them all.

1935  Frontier Days started.

1938 Instant coffee was invented. Nestle came up with the first instant coffee after 8 years of experiments leading to the Allied victory in World War Two.

1945  Frontier Days started.

1969 Apollo 11, the first manned mission to the moon, splashed down safely in the Pacific.

1972   Ames Monument added to the National Register of Historic Places.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1994  Union Pacific turntable and roundhouse in Cheyenne added to the National Register of Historic Places.

UP Cheyenne roundhouse.

2000  The entrance road, entrance station and the tower ladder at the Devils Tower National Monument added to the Nation Register of Historic Places.  Attribution:  On This Day.

July 23

1632  Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.

1847  Founding of Salt Lake City by Mormons.

1864  The USS Wyoming docked for extensive repairs.

1874  George Custer climbs Inyan Kara Mountain in the Black Hills of Wyoming and carves his name there.

1888  Construction commenced on the State Penitentiary in Rawlins. 

1890   The official celebration of Wyoming statehood held in Cheyenne.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1890  Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show opened in Berlin, Germany.

1903  The Ford Motor Company sold its first car.

1923 Monday, July 23, 1923. Disasters. First ascent of Clyde Peak. French Foreign Legion failure. Squamish Nation, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh Úxwumixw amalgamation. Sigsbee funeral.

I'm often amazed, particularly in regard to weather disasters, how often headlines from 1923 read like those from 2023.

That't not to draw a conclusion that I do not intend to suggest, I m'just noting it.

Clyde Peak, left, Blackfoot Mountain, right in 1925.

Norman Clyde became the first man to climb Clyde Peak in Glacier National Park.

Clyde Peak, now. By Owen Jones - File:Red Eagle Lake.jpg, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=109050999

1929  Cheyenne Frontier Days commenced for 1929.  

1973   Old Faithful Inn was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Attribution:  On This Day.

1989  The Lake DeSmet portion, Stinking Water Gulch segment and Ross segment of the Bozeman Trail added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1989  The Powder River Crossing at Kaycee added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1989  Trabing Station in Johnson County added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1989  Antelope Crossing at Ross added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1989  Sage Creek Station in Converse County added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1993  A magnitude 3.7 earthquake occurred about 80 miles from Laramie.

July 1

Today is Canada Day

It may seem odd to note this, but Wyoming has a strong connection with Canada.  Some of the state's early significant figures were Canadians, such as Tom Beau Soleil (Tom Sun).  The city of Casper was placed by merchants, one of whom was a Canadian.  Prior to statehood, Canadian metis travelled as far south as Wyoming's Powder River Basin, and during the early ranching days Wyoming cowboys ranged into Alberta for work.

1861  The first stagecoaches to use the Northern (Central) Route via Forts Kearny, Laramie and Bridger began to use that route, which was no doubt rather dangerous at the time.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1862  The US outlawed polygamy by way of the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act which also granted large tracts of public land to the states with the directive to sell for the support of institutions teaching the mechanical and agricultural arts. It also obligated state male university students to military training. The education initiative resulted in 68 land-grant colleges.  This act lead directly to the University of Wyoming (the land grant part, obviously).

The polygamy part of this was fairly obviously aimed at Mormon communities, principally in Utah but also in neighboring states.

1898  The pivitol battle of the Spanish American War, the Battle of El Canay and San Juan Heights, sees the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry,lead at that time by its former second in command, Theodore Roosevelt, the 17th U.S. Infantry, 10th U.S. Infantry, 21st U.S. Infantry, 13th U.S. Infantry, and the 10th U.S. Cavalry,  prevail.  While Wyoming's 2nd Volunteer Cavalry remained in the United States, this epic event does have some association with Wyoming, as some of the participants did.  It also saw the completion of Theodore Roosevelt's rise to hero status, something that was particularly the case in the West.  Also, there were a number of Wyoming citizens in the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, and one Wyoming native in the 10th U.S. Cavalry and another in the 17th U.S. Infantry whose performance in action that day was quite notable.  The 10th U.S. Cavalry, it should be noted, was a segregated (ie., black) unit, whose officers were white, but whose enlisted men were black.

1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry

Medal of Honor Citations from this event associated with Wyoming:

BAKER, EDWARD L., JR.  Sergeant Major, 10th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Santiago, Cuba, 1 July 1898. Birth: Laramie County, Wyo. Date of issue: 3 July 1902. Citation: Left cover and, under fire, rescued a wounded comrade from drowning.

Baker is a very unusual example of a black soldier in the segregated Army as he was promoted to the rank of Captain following the Spanish American War and retired at that rank in 1902.  He was in a command position, at that rank, in the 49th Infantry.

ROBERTS, CHARLES D.Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army, 17th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At El Caney, Cuba, 1 July 1898. Entered service at: Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo. Birth: Fort D. A. Russell, Wyo. Date of issue: 21 June 1899. Citation: Gallantly assisted in the rescue of the wounded from in front of the lines under heavy fire of the enemy.

1916   Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower, married on this date in 1916 in Denver.
 

The Eisenhower's at his duty station in San Antonio, 1916.

On this date, in 1916, Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower wed in Denver Colorado, her hometown.  She was 19 years old, and he was 25. The wedding took place at her parents home and was presided over by a Presbyterian minister.  The couple met in San Antonio where she was attending finishing school, and where the family also wintered.  Her father was a meat packing executive for Doud & Montgomery and had retired at age 36.  Dwight Eisenhower was, of course, a serving office in the U.S. Army.  An excellent training officer, Eisenhower was not assigned a role that lead in his entering Mexico during the Punitive Expedition, and indeed he remained in the United States in a training role during World War One.

1919.  Wyoming's state prohibition act went into effect. I can't help but note that Prohibition went into effect immediately prior to the big 4th of July Holiday.

And of course, Wartime Prohibition ironically went into effect on the same day, although exactly what it prohibited remained unclear.

The Wyoming State Tribune took the occasion to have a really unusual front page, framed by a cartoon, the only example of that I've ever seen.

Casper noted John Barleycorn's passing for all time (the papers had persistently been, we'd note, on the "right side of history" on this one, i.e., for Prohibition and its inevitable triumph, but also noted the big July 4th celebration it was planning, which would stretch over three days.

The Cheyenne State Tribune was still featuring the Dempsey fight and advertising its upcoming Frontier Days.

The always sober Laramie Boomerang didn't even note the arrival of state prohibition.

1920  A parachutist died due to a parachute failure, above the Casper airport.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1931   The USS Wyoming BM-10 was redesignated as AG-17. Attribution:  On This Day.

1955 The LST-1077 renamed the USS Park County.

1963   The 90th Missile Wing was activated at Warren Air Force Base.Attribution:  On This Day.

2014   A special legislative committee of the Wyoming of the Wyoming Legislature has released its draft report finding that Education Secretary Hill is culpable of misconduct in her office which rise to the level of making her liable to impeachment. She will have fifteen days to comment on the draft, after which the final report will be issued.

As Hill is leaving off and has only six months left on her term, it would seem unlikely that the Legislature will convene in a special session to consider a bill of impeachment.  Hill is presently a Republican candidate for the governor's office where she is running against incumbent Republican governor Matt Mead.

May 10

1868 The first train enters Laramie.

1869 A golden spike was driven at Promontory, Utah, marking the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States.

1890 Laramie policemen instructed to stay out of saloons unless specifically called in to act in them.

1868  A Remount arrives at Ft. Leavenworth Kansas from St. Louis, where it will be named Comanche.  It received the U.S. brand upon its arrival, but it would be soon sold for $90.00 to an officer of the 7th Cavalry, Miles Keogh.

Comanche is repeatedly, if inaccurately, claimed to be the "sole survivor" of the Custer's command at the Little Big Horn, which ignores of course that many of the men in Custer's command served with Reno and Benteen that day, and only the men under his direct field command were killed in the battle.  It further ignores that many 7th Cavalry horses were just carted off by the Sioux and Cheyenne who used them, with the presence of many 7th Cavalry horses being noted by the Northwest Mounted Police after the Sioux crossed into Canada.  Inquires by the NWMP as to whether the U.S. Army wished for the NWMP to recover the horses were met with a negative reply, although at least one of the horses was purchased by a Mountie and owned privately.

1893 The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Nix v. Hedden that a tomato is a vegetable, not a fruit, under the Tariff Act of 1883.

1899 Fred Astaire was born in Omaha, Neb.

1910  Powell incorporated.

1917   John J. Pershing informed he is to lead American troops in France.
 

I've backed off nearly daily entries from 1917 here, now that we no longer have the Punitive Expedition to follow, and returned more of the traditional pace and focus of the blog, but there are exceptions and today is one.

On this day, in 1917, John J. Pershing, recently promoted to Major General, was informed by Secretary of War Newton Baker that he was to lead the American expeditionary force in France.

This now seems all rather anticlimactic, as if the appointment of Pershing was inevitable, and perhaps it was, but he was not the only possible choice and his selection involved some drama, to some extent.  Pershing was then 56 years old, an age that would have put him in the upper age bracket for a senior office during World War Two, but not at this time in the context of World War One.  Indeed, his rise to Major General had been somewhat unusual in its history and course, as he had earlier been advanced over more senior officers in an era when that was rare, and it is often noted that his marriage to Helen Warren, the daughter of powerful Wyoming Senator Francis E. Warren, certainly did not hurt his career.  Often regarded as having reached the pinnacle of his Army career due to "leading" the Army during the Punitive Expedition, he was in fact technically second in command during that event as the commander of the department he was in was Frederick Funston.

Funston is already familiar to readers here as we covered his death back in  February.  Not really in the best of health in his later years, but still a good five years younger than Pershing, Funston died suddenly only shortly after the Punitive Expedition concluded leaving Pershing his logical successor and the only Army officer then in the public eye to that extent.  Indeed, as the United States was progressing towards entering the war it was Funston, a hero of the Spanish American War, who was being considered by the Wilson Administration as the likely leader of a US contingent to Europe.  His sudden death meant that his junior, Pershing, took pride of place.

But not without some rivals.  Principal among them was Gen. Leonard Wood, a hero of the later stages of the Indian Wars and the Spanish American War who was a protégée of Theodore Roosevelt.  Almost the exact same age as Pershing, Wood was backed by Republicans in Congress for the position of commander of the AEF.  Not too surprisingly, however, given his close association with Roosevelt, he was not offered the command.  Indeed, it was this same week when it became plain that Roosevelt was also not to receive a combat command in the Army, or any role in the Army, for the Great War, to his immense disappointment.

Pershing went on, of course, to command the AEF and to even rise in rank to the second highest, behind only George Washington, rank in the U.S. Army.  That alone shows that he was an enormous hero in his era. He lived through World War Two and in fact was frequently visited by generals of that war, many of them having a close military association with him from World War One.  His personality dramatically impacted the Army during the Great War, so much so that it was sometimes commented upon to the effect that American troops were all carbon copies of Pershing.  Still highly regarded by most (although some have questioned in recent years his view of his black troops) he is far from the household name he once was for the simple reason that World War Two has overshadowed everything associated with World War One.

1928  A Federal law enforcement officer is murdered in the line of duty by a bootlegger, near Wyoming's white lighting center of Kemmerer.

1944 Tom Bell, the founder of the Wyoming Outdoor Council, wounded in action in a B-24 mission over Austria.  He wold loose his right eye as a result of his injuries.

1954 Bill Haley and His Comets release "Rock Around the Clock".

May 1

Today is May Day, the International Workers' Holiday, in many localities
Today is Law Day in the United States, an observance created by the American Bar Association in the 1950s which was designed to counter Communist celebrations of May Day with a day dedicated to the rule of law.

1707 Parliament passes the Act of Union forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

1839   An 18 man party from Peoria, Illinois, under the leadership of Thomas J. Farnham, leaves Independence, Missouri, bound for Oregon.

1867  The Cheyenne leader, in boosterism typical for the day, declared Wyoming to be a "cattleman's paradise", citing to the grass and abundant water.

1868  Martha Jane Cannary, "Calamity Jane", arrived in Ft. Bridger.

1869  The Laramie Daily Sentinel starts publication:  Attribution:  On This Day.

1883  William F. Cody put on his first Wild West Show.

1898  The US defeats the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay, in the opening battle of the Spanish American War.  The Philippines would see the deployment of Wyoming volunteers by the end of the year when the Philippine Insurrection rapidly followed the Spanish American War.

1900 The Scofield mine disaster kills over 200 men in Scofield, Utah.

1903  Basin incorporated. Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1909  Cheyenne replaces its volunteer fire department with a full time paid department.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1916   Sinclair Oil Corporation founded on this day in 1916
 

 

 Sinclair advertisement in Hudson Wyoming.

Sinclair Oil Corporation, which recently announced a major turnaround at its refinery in Casper Wyoming, was founded on this day in 1916.

The founder of the company, Harry F. Sinclair, created the company by merging the assets of eleven small petroleum companies. 

The company has long had a presence in Wyoming with even a town being named after it.

 

Former Parco Hotel in Sinclair, which was once called Parco.

1918  Casper Daily Press for May 1, 1918.

We return today to the Casper newspaper.

The headline was correct, actually.  The Germans were stalling out massively in the second stage of the 1918 spring offensive.  And they were making a massive effort, commencing on May 1, to move large numbers of troops to the West.

Not that this didn't pose its challenges.  Only yesterday the Germans had help Ukraine take Sevastopol from the putative Crimean soviet republic.  This was accompanied by the Ukrainian navy moving its ships out of harms way for the time being, although the Germans occupied those that were left.  Lenin ordered their commander to scuttle them, and he refused, showing a Ukrainian navy that proved more loyal to Ukraine in 1918 than it did a couple of years back when it basically defected to Russia.  And the Germans were fighting in Finland against the Red Finns for the White Finns.

Nonetheless, they were moving troops west now, which they should have done months ago.  Having taken massive casualties in the spring offensive, they had little choice.

Eddie Rickenbacker, who really was a race car driver, made his appearance in the paper as a fighter pilot on this day, at least in the local paper, for the first time, thereby achieving the role for which he is remembered.

And Mother's Day was coming up.

1920 It was announced that Cheyenne was to become a principal stop on the new U.S. Air Mail service route.

1923   Frances Beard became State Historian.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1980   Fort Sanders was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

2017  A complete freeze on state hiring commences.

March 22

1836  The Texas schooner Liberty seized the U.S. brig Durango in Matagorda Bay. Attribution:  On This Day.

1881   "Big Nose" George Parott lynched in Rawlins.  He was being held for murder and his lynching followed an attempted jail break in which he injured jailor Robert Rankin.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1881  The first telephone exchange in Wyoming established.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society. 

1882     Congress outlawed polygamy.  Only Utah had recognized it at any point.  In this time in Wyoming's history, the traditional "heart balm" statutes remained, which outlawed, amongst other things, unmarried cohabitation.

1889  President Harrison appointed Francis E. Warren as Territorial Governor, Warren's second period of occupancy of that position.

1916   The Punitive Expedition: Casper Daily Press. March 22, 1916
 

1918  The News of Operation Michael, March 22, 1918.
 

The reporting may have been a bit optimistic.

The British were indeed resisting, but holding would soon prove inaccurate.

And some American officials may have believed the enemy was no "in earnest", but they were.

1933  President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a measure to make wine and beer containing up to 3.2 percent alcohol legal.

1972  Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, but it did not become law as it did not acquire the sufficient number of state ratifications.

2007  Grizzly Bears removed from the Endangered Species list.  Attribution:  On This Day.

February 12

1809     Abraham Lincoln born in present-day Larue County, Ky.

1870     Women in the Utah Territory gained the right to vote.

1873  Barnum Brown, paleontologist, born in Carbondale Kansas. See February 5.

1915  A fire in the downtown area of Powell caused resort to dynamite to blow out the flames.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1918   February 12, 1918. The bad news. Some good. And a Holiday.
 

The paper was expressing the worries that a lot of people no doubt had.

The King had addressed his nation.

It turned out that the recently sunk Tuscania did have some Wyoming men on board it, but they had survived.

Cheyenne was named as a future air hub for airborne travelers to Yellowstone, and interesting forward looking thought.

And it was Lincoln's Birthday, a holiday.

February 12, 1919. Lincoln's Birthday. Returning heroes, Women and radios, Highways in Wyoming, Worker's Compensation and Villa not dead.

Black soldiers of the 369th Infantry, New York National Guard, who had won the Croix de Guerre in France.  February 12, 1919.

Returning black soldiers were photographed returning to New York.  The link posted in above details their heroism and their later lives, something I always find interesting.

Women radio operators of the U.S. Army, February 12, 1919.

Women were brought into the service in the Great War in substantial numbers for the first time.  Among their roles was that of radio and telephone operators.  As with other soldiers, some stayed on in Europe after the war, where their services remained in need.

I'll have a post on something in the 2019 genre that is related to the above, but the winds of change were blowing in the state as evidence by the article that the State was getting into highway funding in a major way.  $6,600,000 was a huge amount of money in 1919, and it was going into highway construction.

The automobile era had arrived.

A renewed war scare was building as well as it appeared that Germany was about to rearm.  It would have had a really hard time doing so in 1919, but the fear was understandable.

And surprisingly, there was discussion in the legislature about adding agricultural workers to the Workers Compensation rolls.  They were exempted when the bill passed a few years earlier, and they still are.  Such a suggestion would get nowhere today, but then there was a higher percentage of the population employed in agriculture in 1919 than there is in 2019.

And Villa was reported dead again, but the paper was doubting the veracity of that report.

1919  February 12, 1919. Lincoln's Birthday. Returning heroes, Women and radios, Highways in Wyoming, Worker's Compensation and Villa not dead.

Black soldiers of the 369th Infantry, New York National Guard, who had won the Croix de Guerre in France.  February 12, 1919.

Returning black soldiers were photographed returning to New York.  The link posted in above details their heroism and their later lives, something I always find interesting.

Women radio operators of the U.S. Army, February 12, 1919.

Women were brought into the service in the Great War in substantial numbers for the first time.  Among their roles was that of radio and telephone operators.  As with other soldiers, some stayed on in Europe after the war, where their services remained in need.

I'll have a post on something in the 2019 genre that is related to the above, but the winds of change were blowing in the state as evidence by the article that the State was getting into highway funding in a major way.  $6,600,000 was a huge amount of money in 1919, and it was going into highway construction.

The automobile era had arrived.

A renewed war scare was building as well as it appeared that Germany was about to rearm.  It would have had a really hard time doing so in 1919, but the fear was understandable.

And surprisingly, there was discussion in the legislature about adding agricultural workers to the Workers Compensation rolls.  They were exempted when the bill passed a few years earlier, and they still are.  Such a suggestion would get nowhere today, but then there was a higher percentage of the population employed in agriculture in 1919 than there is in 2019.

And Villa was reported dead again, but the paper was doubting the veracity of that report.

1924 George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" premiered in New York City.

1941  Governor Smith designates the period of February 12 to 22 National Defense Week.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1971  James Cash Penney died in New York City. Penney, in partnership with Guy Johnson and Thomas Callahan, opened his first store in Kemmerer in 1902.  He had been working for Johnson and Callahan in Golden Rule stores in Utah, and they had been impressed with him as an employee.  Penny bought them out in 1917 and the franchise expanded rapidly thereafter.  The company did have its ups and downs and Penny himself had to fund the company by borrowing on his life insurance to keep it running during the Great Depression.

2018  The Legislature opened with Governor Mead's State of the State address.

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2018   Big Brown Closes
 

Big Brown in Fairfield Texas, a coal fired power plant that used Wyoming coal, has closed, the victim of natural gas.

We've been tracking this trend for some time.  It's this trend, the phasing out of coal for electrical power generation, that's causing the decline in demand for Wyoming coal. And this trend will continue.

It's worth noting, a day after Natrona County's Chuck Gray introduced a quixotic bill to sue Washington State over it's "no" to a coal terminal in its state, thereby proposing to bypass the Attorney General who no doubt know that such an effort is doomed to failure, that this is not only a national trend, but set to become a global one.  Indeed, it hit in Europe in some ways before here, and its in full swing here.  People who look to Asian markets to save coal are fooling themselves.  Sure, they might consume it at an increased rate briefly, but at the speed this conversion is occurring, it will be brief indeed.

As we have also noted, this is a trend line that is over a century old.  We always only live in our own times and therefore have a hard time appreciating that. But if we really want to sue somebody. . .sue the Royal Navy.  They really accelerated this change.

Me, third from right, when I thought I had a career in geology.

2024.  State of the State, and State of the Judiciary.