December 21

Today is the Winter Solstice, the shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.

1620     The Mayflower voyagers went ashore for the first time at present-day Plymouth, Mass.  

1866  A force principally comprised of Sioux lures a force principally made up of post Civil War recruits, commanded by William Fetterman, into an ambush outside of Ft. Phil Kearny.  Fetterman was arrogant in regards to his opinions of his abilities and that of his green troops and insubordinate to some degree in regards to his weak commander, Col. Carrington.  In the resulting battle Fetterman's entire command, 82 (including two civilians) are killed in the largest post Civil War military disaster of the Indian Wars up until Little Big Horn a decade later.  The battle also results in a type of siege around Ft. Phil Kearny, just a few miles from the battlefield, where the command buttons up as a result of the disaster.

Coming just a year after the carnage of the Civil War, the defeat, which was recognized as a military disaster at the time, nonetheless did not have the huge public impact that Custer's defeat a decade later in Montana would.  Indeed, while recognized as a disaster at the time, the Sioux victory would be a significant battle in Red Cloud's War, the only Plains Indian War won by the Indians.  

Like Little Big Horn, the battle has been subjected to continual reinterpretation, and has been nearly from the onset.  As a recent article in the Annals of Wyoming (Spring 2012) reveals there were "eyewitness" accounts that were fiction from day one, and Col. Carrington started receiving criticism from the onset.  As it turns out, conventional accounts of the battle remain the most accurate, with Carrington urging Fetterman not to go beyond the nearby ridge-line, and Fetterman ignoring that order.  Fetterman's contempt for his Indian foe that day would prove disasterous.

1916   The Cheyenne State Leader for December 21, 1916: Mexican raid into Arizona threatened.
 

The terrible fire at the Inter-Ocean was still very much in the news, but we also learned that there was concern over a potential raid into Arizona by some Mexican bands.  Of course, the Wyoming Tribune had reported on this yesterday.

President Wilson's peacemaking efforts also hit the news.

1927  Ed Cantrell, Wyoming lawman, born in Bloomington Indiana.

1933 A bill to introduce a state income tax failed. Attribution.  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1938  Construction on Seminoe  Dam was completed, bu the resulting reservoir would not start being filled until the Spring.

1941  $5,077 collected in Sheridan Wyoming war relief drive. Attribution.  Wyoming State Historical Society.

October 30

1866  A grand pass and review was held at recently established, and semi beseiged, Fort Phil Kearny.

1889:  CB&Q RR entered Wyoming. Attribution: Wyoming State Archives via the Wyoming Historical Calendar, published by the Wyoming State Historical Society and the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming.

1913  Superior approved an ordinance declaring animals and livestock at large to be a nuisance. 

1916   The Wyoming Tribune for October 30, 1916. War in Europe and a special on outrages in Mexico
 

The Tribune, which always angled towards the sensational, was in peak form for its Monday October 30, 1916, edition.
1937  Officials started to move into the new Waskakie County Courthouse.

1945  Shoe rationing ends.

1947  The decommissioned USS Wyoming was sold for scrap.It was a World War One era battleship, but had been used as a training ship after the Washington Naval Treaty caused it to be deprived of its main armament.

 

 The USS Wyoming in April 1945.

1959  Wyoming's 4th uranium  mill began production in the Gas Hills.

October 21

1803  The Senate authorized President Jefferson to take possession of the Louisiana Territory and establish a temporary military government for the territory.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1822  The first chartered bank west of the Mississippi, and the first in territory that included a part of Wyoming, was established inn San Antonio, Texas by Mexican Governor José Félix Trespalacios. Attribution:  On This Day.

1866 Fort Philip Kearny completed.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1872  Construction at the Territorial Prison in Laramie completed.

1873  Wyoming, Iowa, incorporated.

1909  The cornerstone for Jireh College, in Jireh was laid. Jireh College was a Protestant College that no longer exists.  The town likewise no longer exists.  It's history was relatively short, but it featured a combined effort to create a Christian school with a farming community.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1941  It was reported on this day that 53 Wyoming public school teachers were called to military service, a significant number given the population of the state.  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1995  State hit by a statewide blizzard.

August 2

1867  Just one day after a nearly identical event occurred outside of Ft. C. F. Smith, the northernmost fort on the Bozeman Trail,  9th Infantry repulsed a Sioux and Cheyenne attack in  the mountains near Ft. Phil Kearney in the Wagon Box Fight, a battle again demonstrating the superiority of the new breach loading rifles over the muzzle loading rifle.  The soldiers were grossly outnumbered during the fight.

1876  James Bulter "Wild Bill" Hickock killed in Deadwood by John McCall in Deadwood's Saloon No. 10.  He was uncharacteristically sitting with his back to the wall and was holding a hand of cards made up of Aces and 8s, known ever after as a "Deadman's Hand".  McCall was shortly tried and found innocent, surprisingly enough. Thereafter he fled to Wyoming, where he was unwelcome by Wyoming authorities who regarded the Deadwood trial as invalid as the Deadwood settlement was illegal, being an unauthorized town on unceded Indian Territory.  McCall was subsequently tried in Yankton, Dakota Territory, and sentenced to death.

Hickock left behind a widow, Agnes Lake, in Cheyenne.  He'd written her:  "Agnes Darling, if such should be we never meet again, while firing my last shot, I will gently breathe the name of my wife — Agnes — and with wishes even for my enemies I will make the plunge and try to swim to the other shore."

1882  The  Brush-Swan Electric Light Company of Cheyenne incorporated.

1887         Rowell Hodge receives a patent for barbed wire, an invention that would make fencing the range practical.

1887  The Catholic Diocese of Cheyenne created.  

1903         Martha Jane Cannary, "Calamity Jane", died at age 51.  Her death on this date is particularly odd, as she claimed to have been married to Wild Bill Hickock, but to have divorced him so that he could marry Agnes Lake, although there seems to be no independent evidence for that.

1918  August 2, 1918. The odd war news.

In a lot of ways, the news of August 2, 1918, was the same in character as for other days, but with a slightly odd (and also, we'll note, period racist) tinge.

The article on the bottom right brings this paper here.  That must have been an awkward family reunion.

Sad news from Laramie on this day.  A professor of my former department at the University of Wyoming, the geology department, had died of disease while serving in France.  As he was a professor of "economic geology" at a later school, we can take it that he was a professor of economic minerals.  The war was taking quite a toll in all age ranges.

Evidence of that toll and the scale of the war is in this paper.  Every military age male, according to this Cheyenne paper, was now in service.

And the Onondaga had declared war.

On this paper, the terms used here are clearly racists in regard to African American soldiers.  It's odd, to say the least, to see headlines of this type in a newspaper in common circulation, giving us an idea of how deeply ingrained racists ideas were at the time.

1923  Thursday, August 2, 1923. The Death of Warren G. Harding.

Warren G. Harding died suddenly at 7:30 p.m. in a San Francisco hotel. As readers here know, he had been ill for several days prior.  His probable cause of death was a heart attack.

Harding had been traveling the US, including Alaska, in his Voyage of Understanding.  He was well liked during his period in office, and he was deeply mourned in the U.S., and around the globe, following his death at age 57.

Following his death, his reputation has declined.  He had not really wanted to be President in the first place, and it turned out that while he was personally not involved in them, his administration was scandal ridden.  Harding was not free from scandal himself, however, as he'd had at least two affairs during his marriage, the first of which was to a woman who may have been a German spy. The second would lead to the birth of an illegitimate daughter, his only child, a fact which was hidden during his lifetime and contested by his widow thereafter.

Elizabeth Ann Blaesing, daughter of Warren G. Harding,

Harding was seemingly unprepared for death and indeed, while he looked much older, at 57 he wasn't all that old.  His medical care while ill has been criticized as hastening his death, but at the time little could be done for strokes (which was what his death was attributed to at the time) and heart attacks were frequently fatal.  Given the history of his illness, there's reason to suspect that he may in fact have suffered a heart attack several days prior, or at least was suffering from heart problems several days prior.

Florence Harding, his widow, was fiercely protective of his legacy and reputation.  In photographs, she rarely appears to be happy while they were in the White House.  Very unusually for the age, she did not wear a wedding ring.  Harding was her second marriage, and she was slightly older than he was.  She'd die the following November at age 64.  Blaesing, who lived a quiet life and avoided commenting on her parentage, died at age 86 in 1995.

Most Americans would not learn of the Presidents' death until the following day, when newspapers hit their doorsteps.

As an aside, Harding's death remains relevant to the present age, and actually shows us how things have improved and not.  Medically, physicians may well have detected Harding's heart condition before it proved fatal, if they had our current abilities in that arena.  This is not necessarily so, however, which points out that our two top contenders for the Oval Office today are literally on death's doorstep.

Also of interest, in the era it was obviously easier to keep personal secrets, as Harding had done for many years.  Keeping an illegitimate child of a President unknown is almost unimaginable today.  But also of interest is that it would have been a devastating scandal had the news broken.  As recently as President Clinton's term in office, an affair was scandalous, but now there's real reason to wonder if it would be.  Indeed, a certain section of former President Trump's support comes from Evangelical Christians (although not all support him), which undoubtedly would not have occurred had Trump lived in the 1920s.

1985  A category 3 tornado occurred outside of Sheridan.

2001  The Casper Army Air Base was enrolled on the National Register of Historic Places.  The Air Base is now the Natrona County International Airport, but many original structures remain, and a museum is on the location.

July 17

1866 Sioux warriors drove off a herd of livestock (175 horses and mules of the 18th Infantry Regiment) at Ft. Phil Kearney, with soldiers giving pursuit, resulting in some soldiers being killed and others wounded.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1876   The battle of Warbonnet Creek occured in which Col. Wesley Merritt and his 5th Cavalry, out of Fort Robinson, Nebraska, attack the Cheyenne in the vicinity of Fort Robinson.  The battle launches Buffalo Bill Cody into fame.

1891  An explosion at the Union Pacific's No. 6 mine killed five and was felt in Rock Springs. Attribution:  On This Day.

1915  An unseasonable snowstorm occurred in Hartville.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1920  The USS Wyoming given her hull designation as the BB-32.

1921   Burnu Acquanetta, actress, born near Cheyenne. She was an Arapaho and a minor movie actress.

1975  A plaque was presented to the Commissioner of Reclamation at Pathfinder Dam.

July 15

1215  King John assents to the Magna Carta, one of the primary documents of the English legal system, and by extension, the legal system of the United States.

1863  USS Wyoming victorious at Shimonoseki Straits in an action against a Japanese local power (warlord).

1866 The site for Ft. Phil Kearney chosen.   

1872  Cornerstone laid for the Territorial Prison in Laramie.

1918  The Kaiserschlacht Ends. July 15, 1918. Operation Friedensturm

Not very cheery news for a Monday.  Wyoming State Tribune for Monday, July 15, 1918.

Monday, July 15, 1918, brought discouraging, if not unexpected, news.

 

The map one final time, with the final German fifth drive.  This time the Germans attempted to exploit the earlier success of their drive on Paris with a new front to the east.  Over two days the effort gained ground, but the effort was rapidly halted and by this point the French were able to regain the initiative and counter.  The Germans were effectively blocked and gave up offensive efforts on August 7.

On July 15 the Germans resumed offensive operations, but not the Operation Hagen that was designed to be a final blow. Rather, they launched Friedensturm to exploit the earlier  Blücher–Yorck gains. While the offensive, like every other German offensive in this series of operations gained ground, the French were able to ultimately counterattack successfully and the German offensive operations came to an end on August 7.

Laramie residents not only read about the fierce fighting in France. . . they also got to read about how coal shortages were looking to bring an end to beer.

The final effort would see, as with the earlier efforts, some hard fighting.  The Second Battle of the Marne was part of the offensive, which would run from this day until August 6.  The Fourth Battle of Champaigne also started on this day. Both were launched against the French Fourth Army, the Germans having switched attention to them, of which the US 42nd Division was a part.  The 42nd was a division made up of National Guardsmen.  The French forces, moreover, were rapidly reinforced by British and American troops.  The US 3d Division would be back in action on this day and earn the nickname "The Rock of the Marine".  By the battles end eight American divisions would participate and the US would sustain 12,000 casualties.  The number of divisions contributed to the defense would be twice that of the British, with American divisions being twice as large, but even embattled Italy contributed two divisions and sustained 9,000 casualties.  Forty-four French divisions would fight in the battle and fifty-two German divisions. 

Allied battlefield loses would be roughly equal to German ones in the campaign, but by this point the Germans did not have the troops to lose.

1894  Butch Cassidy and Al Hainer sent to the Wyoming State Penitentiary for extortion.  They'd been running a protection racket aimed at ranchers.

1920  Casper made the headquarters for a division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1992 ML Ranch in Big Horn County added to the National Register of Historic Places.

July 9

1866 Colonel Henry B. Carrington leaves Fort Reno for Piney Creek to select the site for what became Ft. Phil Kearny.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1915  The last stage robbery in the United States occurred in Yellowstone National Park, seeing financier Bernard amongst the passengers robbed.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1920  July 9, 1920

Jackson Lake Dam and spillway on the Snake River near Moran, Wyoming.  July 9, 1920

1934  Sheridan's first radio station commences operation.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1945   Cheyenne was proclaimed to be "a City of the First Class".

1982  Madison Museum, in Yellowstone National Park, added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1982  Obsidian Cliff Kiosk in Park County added to the National Register of Historic Places.  

June 13

1866 Negotiations between US and Sioux representatives took place at Ft. Phil Kearny.  Attribution:  On This Day. 

1887  Construction on the St. Paul & Manitoba Railroad enters Wyoming.

1889  Rawlins received two feet of snow.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1891  The cemetery at Ft. Laramie relocated to Ft. McPherson Nebraska.

1917   And just when you thought border troubles with Mexico were off the front page. . .

replaced by war news from France (and today Greece). . . 

It was back.

In the form of a cross border raid by "Mexican bandit" who attached a patrol of the 8th U.S. Cavalry.

Of course the rest of the news had a focus on the war in Europe, to be sure. 

1929  A Peak in the Wind River Range was named for Senator F. E. Warren.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1944 Sixty three Japanese-Americans internees at Heart Mountain Relocation Center charged with violation of Selective Service Act.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1979  The Sioux are awarded $105,000,000 for the U.S. seizure of the Black Hills in the 19th Century.

2022  Destructive flooding destroyed roads and infrastructure inside of Yellowstone National Park. Access to the park was closed, and individuals inside the park were trapped there.

Major flooding also occured on the same day in Red Lodge, Montana.

May 19

1848   Mexico ratifies the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo acknowledging the acquisition of Texas and New Mexico by the United States, which included a small portion of Wyoming, via Texas.

1846  resident Polk approved an act that provided for a line of military posts along the Oregon Trail.  In some ways, this has to be regarded as a major development in the history of the United States and the U.S. Army, as the expansion of the Army on to the Western Frontier dominated much of its character for the next century, even continuing to have an influence into its nature well after the Frontier had closed.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1866  Colonel Carrington left Fort Kearny for Fort Laramie where he received instructions from General Pope to name two new outpost along Bozeman Road Fort Philip Kearny and Fort C.F. Smith.  The widely spaced forts were to form more northerly bastions to guard the Bozeman Trail, the southernmost post, Ft. Reno, having already been established during the Civil War by Patrick Connor.  Carrington was one of a group of officers who remained in the Army following the Civil War when Congress established the policy of making room for some wartime officers who had not come from pre war military service or West Point.  Alfred Terry was another, with both men having been lawyers prior to the Civil War.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1869  Territorial government was formally in effect.  Territorial Supreme Court took the oath of office.

1871  Robert H. Milroy takes office as U.S. Marshall.

1887  Sheridan Post established.

1902  The first Carnegie Library in the United States, the Laramie County Library, opened.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1915  Dr. Amos Barber, Wyoming's second governor after statehood, whose governorship was marred by the Johnson County War and his general ineffective reaction to it, died.  Barber had a successful career as an Army surgeon before entering private practice, and he followed up on that with service again during the Spanish American War, but his having participated through acts of omission in the large cattleman's invasion of central Wyoming is principally what he is remembered for.

1919  May 19, 1919. Laramie to get a refinery, Daniels comes home, Ataturk in Samsun

Big news in Wyoming, and most particularly in Laramie, was that the Midwest Oil Company, which was very active in Natrona County, had determined to build a refinery in Laramie.

People in Laramie today may be surprised to know that this was even considered, let alone that it was actually built, which it was later that year, although the remnants of the refinery remain there.  Indeed, oddly enough, discussion has been going on for several years on how to clean the remnants of the refinery up, a project that has been ongoing, and on May 5 of this present year a legal notice regarding the final work on it was published.

The refinery operated from 1919 to 1932, making it a plant that closed during the height of the Great Depression.  The same location was later operated for a few years as a Yttrium plant, although most of the refining equipment had been removed in the 1930s.  Clean up of the site is nearly complete.

1938  Niobrara County Wyoming becomes the first county in the United States to have all of its mail for a day delivered via airmail.  Attribution: Wyoming State Historical Society.

1941  Fire destroyed three Union Pacific shop buildings in Cheyenne.  Attribution: Wyoming State Historical Society.

1987  The U.S. Post Office in Basin Wyoming, the U.S. Post Office in Buffalo the U.S. Post Office in Evanston, the U.S. Post Office and Federal Courthouse in Lander, the U.S. Post Office in Yellowstone National Park, the U.S. Post Office in Newcastle, the U.S. Post Office in Kemmerer, the U.S. Post Office in Thermopolis, the U.S. Post Office in Torrington, added to the National Register of Historic Places.

1996  A  4.2 magnitude earthquake, which your correspondent experienced, occurred 22 miles from Casper.

March 10

Today, for 2013, is the dread advent of Daylight Savings Time, in which the weary are deprived of an hour of sleep.

1804  A formal ceremony was held in St.Louis involving the transfer of Louisiana to Spain, back to France and then to the United States.  The inclusion of Spain was due to a legal oddity regarding France's acquisition of Louisiana.

1848.  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo ends the Mexican War.

1862   First U.S. paper money issued in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1000.  Five dollars was not a trivial amount at the time, and the higher amounts contemplated commercial and banking transactions.

1866  The US Army's General Pope organized the military Mountain District and ordered the establishment of Fort Philip Kearny and Fort C.F. Smith to protect the Bozeman Trail.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1875  Union Pacific shareholders resolved to erect Ames Monument between Laramie and Cheyenne in honor of Oakes Ames and Oliver Ames, Jr., two Union Pacific financiers.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1890  Members of the Albany County Council stated that the light air of the county caused insanity.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1916   The Raid on Columbus New Mexico: The local March 10 news
 

 The Raid On Columbus: The Wyoming Tribune, March 10, 1916
 

Cheyenne's newspaper.  Probably an evening edition.

1917   The Laramie Boomerang for March 10, 1917: Laramie's troops retained in Cheyenne
 

The Laramie Boomerang was reporting that Laramie's Guardsmen had been unexpectedly detained in Cheyenne. 

There could be several reasons that this decision came about. For one thing, Laramie's unit was a medical detachment, not too surprisingly as the location of the University of Wyoming in Laramie gave the unit an educated population to draw from.  So perhaps it was kept at Ft. Russell until the other troops had cleared in case medical needs popped up.

Additionally, these troops were only traveling 50 miles, as oppose to the long distances being traveled by other Wyoming troops.  There may not have been available transportation space, in which case retaining the troops going back to Laramie would have made sense.

And finally, as many of these men were students, they didn't have much to go back to.  It was too late in the semester for the many students to return to school, and a lot of them probably were leaving right from Laramie on to their actual homes, or were competing for what little work there was in Laramie.

At any rate, while the rest of the Guardsmen were leaving Cheyenne, they stayed an extra couple of days.

1919 In  Schenk v United States, the US Supreme Court holds that the Espionage Act, restricting speech, does not violate the First Amendment to the US Constitution.

1919 March 10, 1919. The arrival of the USS Nebraska, Anticipating the arrival of Company I in Casper, Tennis in New York, Romantic comedies in the US.

The battleship USS Boston, carrying soldiers on their way home from France, arrives in Boston.

People familiar with the efforts to bring the far flung U.S. military home after World War Two are familiar with Operation Magic Carpet. That operation employed sufficiently large U.S. Navy surface ships as troops transports, something they really weren't designed to be, to bring home soldiers and Marines.

Red Cross workers, also in Boston, awaiting the arrival of the USS Nebraska.

Almost forgotten is the fact that the same thing was done after World War One, an example of which we have here in the form of troops that were brought home on the USS Nebraska, a pre dreadnought Navy battleship.  It would have been a quite uncomfortable ride.

Wyoming National Guardsmen from Casper were coming home as well, by train.

The Casper men were set to arrive back in Casper by train on Tuesday, March 11.  The 20 plus men had been part of Company I of the Wyoming National Guard and had been assigned to the 116th Ammunition Train when the Wyoming Guard was busted up and converted from infantry to artillery and transport.

These men had been in service since the Guard had been mustered in the spring of 1917.  They had not been part of the earlier group mustered for the Punitive Expedition, or at least Company I hadn't existed as part of that group, in that form, as Casper had been too small in 1916 to have its own Guard unit.  That tiny status had rapidly passed, however, due to the World War One oil boom which built Casper.  By the spring of 1917 the town was big enough to contribute its own Company and some of those men were back, having just been mustered out of service at Ft. D. A. Russell in Cheyenne.

In New York, where the Nebraska had arrived, things were returning to a peacetime normal.

Betty Baker, who had won round at the indoor national women's tennis championship on this day in 1919.  She was sixteen years old at the time.

Betty Baker, about whom I know nothing else, was a tennis standout in 1919 at age 16.  Does anyone know if that continued?  I don't, but if you do, put in a comment and let us know.

And Monday movie releases continued to be a thing.

The public seemed to be in the mood for romantic comedies.

1931   Bunnosuke Omoto, of Green River, granted a patent for an automobile tire design.

1942  A Worland woman baked over 300 lbs of cookies for soldiers.  Attribution:  Wyoming State Historical Society.

1968   And on this day in 1968
 

The town of Acme Wyoming, depicted in the post card above in 1910, the year of its founding, sold to a group of Chicago investors.  It wouldn't reverse the town's fading fortunes.  It's a ghost town now.

March 2

1836  Texas declared independence from Mexico.

1836  The city of Wyoming Illinois founded by General Samuel Thomas.

1861  Congress created the Dakota and Nevada Territories out of the Nebraska and Utah territories.  Wyoming was part of the Dakota Territory at that time.

1868  General Grant issued an order to abandon Fort Reno Fort Kearny, and Fort C. F. Smith on the Bozeman Trail.  The fort abandonments were byproducts of the end of Red Cloud's War, which is regarded as the only Plains Indian War won by the native combatants.

The closure of the posts was not instant.  It was winter in Wyoming and Montana and the actual closings occurred in the summer.

1888  The territorial legislature overroad a public works bill's veto by Governor Moonlight.  The bill was for the construction of public buildings and Moonlight had been worried about excessive expenditures.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1890  Ft. Laramie's status as an active Army post ended.

 Ruin of cement building at Ft. Laramie.  Ft. Laramie was unusual for its era in that cement buildings were actually constructed on its grounds in the 1840s.

1891  The American Exchange Bank opened in Casper.

1899 Wyoming volunteers moved to trenches on the Pasig River in the Philippines.  Attribution:  On This Day.

1915  Seventh Judicial District created by the Legislature.The Seventh Judicial District encompasses Natrona County.

1917   The Cheyenne Leader for March 2, 1917: National Guardsmen having a good time at Ft. D. A. Russell.
 

After the early spat about it, Colorado Guardsmen, we learned were having a good time at Ft. D. A. Russell.  Wyoming Guardsmen were about to arrive there.

Keep in mind that Wyoming Guardsmen were not allowed to muster there when they were called into service, oddly enough.  The post is just outside of Cheyenne.  But they were being allowed to demuster there.

And, in other news, things were looking pretty grim following the release of the Zimmerman Note, which makes a person wonder why the Federal Government was demustering troops that logic dicated they'd be calling back into service shortly.

1920   Joseph Wisniewski, a Polish immigrant living in New Acme, received a patent for a roller skate.

1943 The Pepsi Cola bottling plant in Douglas was damaged by fire.  While soft drink bottling plant operations are not unknown in the state now, at that time smaller ones were more common.  Casper had a Coca Cola bottling plant.

1947   Grace H. Emerson, Wyoming's first woman deputy state auditor, died.

2011  Governor Matt Mead signed a bill amending Wyoming's concealed firearms laws to allow for carry without a permit by those who would be qualified under the law to obtain a permit.  

2002  Largest crowd, to date, to watch a basketball game in the University of Wyoming's Arena Auditorium. The game was played between Wyoming and Utah.  Wyoming won 57 to 56.